This article has been created to explain what exactly is the VPNFilter malware and how to secure your network against this massive infection by protecting your router as well as protecting your computers.
A new malware, going by the name of VPNFilter has reportedly infected over 500 thousand router devices across most widely used brands such as Linksys, MikroTik, NETGEAR as well as TP-Link, mostly used in homes and offices. The cyber-sec researchers at Cisco Talos have reported that the threat is real and it is live, even thought the infected devices are under investigation at the moment. The malware reportedly has something to do with the BlackEnergy malware, which targeted multiple devices in Ukraine and Industrial Control Systems in the U.S.. If you want to learn more about the VPNFilter malware and learn how you can remove it from your network plus protect your network, we advise that you read this article.
Threat Summary
| Name | VPNFilter |
| Type | IoT Trojan (Infostealer) and Botnet Infection |
| Short Description | Aims to infect complete networks and steal critical network information plus relay it to third-party hosts. |
| Symptoms | Your computer and web browser may lead you to phishing sites via which the crooks may collect important information. |
| Distribution Method | Via worms, botnet and other automated infection methods. |
| Detection Tool |
See If Your System Has Been Affected by malware
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Malware Removal Tool
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User Experience | Join Our Forum to Discuss VPNFilter. |
VPNFilter Malware – How Does It Infect
The VPNFIlter malware uses a very complicated two-stage infection method, the result of which is your computer to become a victim of intelligence gathering and even desctruction operation.
Stage 1 of Infection (Loader)
The first stage of this virus involves a reboot on your router or hub. Since the VPNFilter malware targets primarily routers as well as other internet-of-things devices, just like the Mirai malware it may come as a result of an automated botnet attack that is unleased as a result of central servers being compromised successufully. The infection however is conduced at the aid of an exploit that triggers a reboot of the smart device. The main goal of this Stage 1 is to gain partial control and enable the deployment of the Stage 2 after the reboot process has finished. The phases of Stage 1 are the following:
1.Pulls down a photo from Photobucket.
2.Exploits are triggered and metadata is used in order to call out IP addresses.
3.Connects to the Stage 2 server and downloads the Stage 2 malware after which automatically executes it.
The assoicated URLs with the first stage of infection are reported by researchers to be the libraries of fake photobucket users:
→ photobucket[.]com/user/nikkireed11/library
photobucket[.]com/user/kmila302/library
photobucket[.]com/user/lisabraun87/library
photobucket[.]com/user/eva_green1/library
photobucket[.]com/user/monicabelci4/library
photobucket[.]com/user/katyperry45/library
photobucket[.]com/user/saragray1/library
photobucket[.]com/user/millerfred/library
photobucket[.]com/user/jeniferaniston1/library
photobucket[.]com/user/amandaseyfried1/library
photobucket[.]com/user/suwe8/library
photobucket[.]com/user/bob7301/library
UPDATE JULY 2018: The security reports indicate that the VPNFilter vulnerability affects the following vendors and models:
- ASUS — RT-AC66U, RT-N10, RT-N10E, RT-N10U, RT-N56U, and RT-N66U.
- D-Link — ASUS — RT-AC66U, RT-N10, RT-N10E, RT-N10U, RT-N56U, and RT-N66U.
- Huawei — HG8245.
- Linksys — E1200, E2500, E3000 E3200, E4200, RV082, and WRVS4400N.
- MikroTik — CCR1009, CCR1016, CCR1036, CCR1072, CRS109, CRS112, CRS125, RB411, RB450, RB750, RB911, RB921, RB941, RB951, RB952, RB960, RB962, RB1100, RB1200, RB2011, RB3011, RB Groove, RB Omnitik, and STX5.
- Netgear — DG834, DGN1000, DGN2200, DGN3500, FVS318N, MBRN3000, R6400, R7000, R8000, WNR1000, WNR2000, WNR2200, WNR4000, WNDR3700, WNDR4000, WNDR4300, WNDR4300-TN, and UTM50.
- QNAP — TS251, TS439 Pro, and other QNAP NAS devices running QTS software.
- TP-LINK — R600VPN, TL-WR741ND, and TL-WR841N.
- Ubiquiti — NSM2 and PBE M5.
- ZTE — ZXHN H108N.
The analysts have also uncovered the specific vulnerabilities used for the mentioned devices:
QNAP FTP Service (Authentication Bypass Vulnerability CVE-2015-7261), D-Link DIR-300 (Reaper Remote Code Execution CVE-2011-4723),
ASUS RT-AC66U, RT-N66U (Remote Code Execution CVE-2014-9583),
Linksys E2500 (Reaper OS Command Injection CVE-2013-2678), Vulnerable UPnP Service (e.g. Netgear/TP-Link/D-Link) (Buffer Overflow Vulnerability CVE-2013-0229, Stack Overflow Vulnerability
CVE-2013-0230, Stack Overflow Vulnerability CVE-2012-5958, Stack Overflow VulnerabilityCVE-2012-5959), QNAP QTS before 4.2.4 Build 20170313 (Remote Code Execution CVE-2017-6361),
ASUS RT-AC* and RT-N* (Router JSONP Info Leak CVE-2017-8877), Netgear R6400, R7000, R8000 (Router Password Disclosure CVE-2017-5521),
D-Link DIR-300 (Reaper Router Remote Code Execution),
Netgear WNR2000 (Router Password Disclosure), Netgear R6400, R7000 (Remote Code Execution CVE-2016-6277),
ASUS RT-N66U (Router Session Stealing CVE-2017-6549), Linksys E4200 (OS Command Injection CVE-2013-2679),
Netgear WNR1000 (Authentication Bypass Vulnerability, Router Password Disclosure),
TP-Link TL-WR841N (Unauthenticated Router Access Vulnerability).
Stage 2 of Infection
Once the second stage of infection Is triggered the actual capabilities of the VPNFilter malware are unleashed. They include the usage of the virus in the following activities:
- Connects to a C&C server.
- Connects to a Stage 3 Server.
- Executes Tor, P.S. and other plugins.
- Performs the malicious activities of the malware, which include data collection, command execution, file theft, device management.
- Able to perform self-destructions activity.
The associated IP addresses with the second stage of infection are reported by the researchers to be the following:
→ 91.121.109[.]209
217.12.202[.]40
94.242.222[.]68
82.118.242[.]124
46.151.209[.]33
217.79.179[.]14
91.214.203[.]144
95.211.198[.]231
195.154.180[.]60
5.149.250[.]54
91.200.13[.]76
94.185.80[.]82
62.210.180[.]229
In addition to those two stages, the cyber-security researchers at Cisco Talos have also reported of a 3rd Stage Server in play, the purpose of which so far remains to be unknown. From what it seems, this malware is already shaping up to be a very sophisticated infection and it is not to be underestimated as it’s infection rate may rise.
VPNFilter Botnet Malware – Malicious Activities
The main activities which have been associated with the VPNFilter malware have been reported to be divided In two parts by malware researchers, the first set of which are preoperational activities that gather information before actually performing the end goal activities. In addition to this, the Cisco Talos experts have also reported similarities in the VPNFilter malware and the previously reported BlackEnergy IoT botnet, which was used to target organizations and governments in the U.S. and Ukraine. The malware used the same saparate stage type of infection modules which is a sign it may be used by the same people behind the BlackEnergy infection.
The activity of the VPNFilter malware begins with it’s preparational stage which firstly checks the outbound and inbound TCP/IPv4 traffic. It does that check in order to understand that the destination IP address matches what it has found when the listener is active. If this is so, the virus procedes to make sure that the packed has eight or more bytes and scanss the data for specific bytes afterwards. As soon as this is done, the virus initiates a call process to a newly received IP address which was basically those bytes it checked and this results in it’s stage 2 to start.
The the second stage, this malware does a lot more than the first one, which is basically, VPNFilter’s loader. The stage includes the creating of the following diredctory in the victim’s device:
→ /var/run/vpnfilterm (m is for modules directory)
/var/run/vpnfilterw (w is for working directory)
Then, the malware starts to kill different modules and overwrite data in them, one of those modules is:
→ /dev/mtdblock0 (It’s first 5,000 bytes are overwritten with zeros and the device is rebooted)
After this is done, the VPNFilter malware executes a shell command and then sets up It’s Tor configuration which in it’s turn ensures that the anonymity is enabled. AS soon as this is done, the virus copies a file from it’s client directly to the server. VPNFilter does not stop there however – the botner malware goeas as far as to set two types of URLs:
- Set a URL in the configuration panel of the current configuration of the device.
- Set a custom URL in the current proxy configuration.
When the virus has set a URL, it proceeds towards tinkering with the port settings, by changing the default proxy port and setting a delay between the main loop executions.
After doing all these nefarious actions, the malware reboots the IoT device for longer than normal and then downloads a URL after which saves it into a file. In addition to all of this, it can stop the infection process mid-infection or possibly delay it.
The malware then proceeds to it’s third stage which has not yet been disclosed by the researchers as they may still be in the process of analyzing it, but it is believed that the third-stage is related with the malware’s purpose, which is to:
- Steal different information from each device in the network.
- Steal network data.
- Obtain passwords and communication data.
- Obtain keystrokes and other data.
- Change parameters on the IoT device or change parameters on the end devices in the network in order to make them vulnerable for malware infections.
The devices that have so far been compromised can be found in the following list, which the Cisco Talos researchers have so far gathered to be among the 100% infected ones:
Besides these devices, the researchers have also reported TP-Link, Netgear, Linksys and other custom ISP routers and IoT devices to also be among the 500,000 infected as they believe that the malware may be more advanced than your average botnet in the wild. A dangerous characteristic of the VPNFilter malware is its ability to monitor Modbus SCADA protocols. This is one of the most popular serial communications protocols that is used in the industry for automated IoT devices. The protocol can be implemented using various connection types and remains one of the most versatile ways to control devices.
How to Remove the VPNFilter Malware and Protect Your Network from It
When we talk about malware on the level of VPNFilter, a simple cleanup and reset of your router won’t cut it for the removal, since the malware may be a complicated threat which can deeply embed objects in the firmware of your router as explained In the “Activity” paragraphs above. This is why, the first step is to check if your network has been compromised by this malware. Cisco researchers strongly advise to do that by following these steps:
Step 1: Create a new Host Group with the name “VPNFilter C2” and make it to be under the Outside Hosts via Java UI.
Step 2: Once done, validate that the group does not communicate at the moment by checking the “conversations” of the group itself on your device.
Step 3: If there is no active traffic, researchers advise network administators to create a trip wire type of alarm which notifies as soon as there is traffic in the host group via creating an event and selecting the host in the web user interface.
Besides this, in order to make sure that your network is safe as well as private, we do recommend that you choose a more secure router device, but keep in mind that a device is secure as it’s software, so you should make sure to also set up a VPN and in addition to this to talk to your ISP in order to make sure that the connection is secured along the way too. Below, you can find a list of the most secure routers and the best NAS devices among which you can choose the one that is appropriate for your network:
→Related:The Most Secure NAS Devices In 2017
→Related:Which Are the Most Secure Routers in 2017
And for end device security we would advise that you equip your organization with custom configured devices and keep the configuration information disclosed even to the employees of the company, since this minimalizes the risk of usage.
And as always, security researchers advise to secure the end-devices of your organization as well, since they often become the “patient zero” of such infections. Here are some tips you can follow to secure end devices from malware:
Step 1: Install an advanced anti-malware softwareon each device. It comes standard with active real-time protection and frequent updates.
Spy Hunter scanner will only detect the threat. If you want the threat to be automatically removed, you need to purchase the full version of the anti-malware tool.Find Out More About SpyHunter Anti-Malware Tool / How to Uninstall SpyHunter
Step 2: Run programs in sandbox environment. It prevents any executed type of malware to run effectively on your computer by isolating it within an encrypted layer which acts like a wall of protection.
Step 3: Make sure that the users in your network are aware of different Router security risks which may become from weaknesses to a real cluster of headaches.
Step 4: Make sure to educate your employees on how to safely store your files to protect them from malware.
Ventsislav Krastev
Ventsislav is a cybersecurity expert at SensorsTechForum since 2015. He has been researching, covering, helping victims with the latest malware infections plus testing and reviewing software and the newest tech developments. Having graduated Marketing as well, Ventsislav also has passion for learning new shifts and innovations in cybersecurity that become game changers. After studying Value Chain Management, Network Administration and Computer Administration of System Applications, he found his true calling within the cybersecrurity industry and is a strong believer in the education of every user towards online safety and security.
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- Guide 1: How to Remove VPNFilter from Windows.
- Guide 2: Get rid of VPNFilter from Mac OS X.
- Guide 3: Remove VPNFilter from Google Chrome.
- Guide 4: Erase VPNFilter from Mozilla Firefox.
- Guide 5: Uninstall VPNFilter from Microsoft Edge.
- Guide 6: Remove VPNFilter from Safari.
- Guide 7: Eliminate VPNFilter from Internet Explorer.
Windows Mac OS X Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Safari Internet Explorer
How to Remove VPNFilter from Windows.
Step 1: Boot Your PC In Safe Mode to isolate and remove VPNFilter
Step 2: Uninstall VPNFilter and related software from Windows
Here is a method in few easy steps that should be able to uninstall most programs. No matter if you are using Windows 10, 8, 7, Vista or XP, those steps will get the job done. Dragging the program or its folder to the recycle bin can be a very bad decision. If you do that, bits and pieces of the program are left behind, and that can lead to unstable work of your PC, errors with the file type associations and other unpleasant activities. The proper way to get a program off your computer is to Uninstall it. To do that:
Follow the instructions above and you will successfully uninstall most programs.
Step 3: Clean any registries, created by VPNFilter on your computer.
The usually targeted registries of Windows machines are the following:
- HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
- HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce
- HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce
You can access them by opening the Windows registry editor and deleting any values, created by VPNFilter there. This can happen by following the steps underneath:
Tip: To find a virus-created value, you can right-click on it and click "Modify" to see which file it is set to run. If this is the virus file location, remove the value.
Before starting "Step 4", please boot back into Normal mode, in case you are currently in Safe Mode.
This will enable you to install and use SpyHunter 5 successfully.
Windows Mac OS X Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Safari Internet Explorer
Get rid of VPNFilter from Mac OS X.
Step 1: Uninstall VPNFilter and remove related files and objects
1. Hit the ⇧+⌘+U keys to open Utilities. Another way is to click on “Go” and then click “Utilities”, like the image below shows:
- Go to Finder.
- In the search bar type the name of the app that you want to remove.
- Above the search bar change the two drop down menus to “System Files” and “Are Included” so that you can see all of the files associated with the application you want to remove. Bear in mind that some of the files may not be related to the app so be very careful which files you delete.
- If all of the files are related, hold the ⌘+A buttons to select them and then drive them to “Trash”.
In case you cannot remove VPNFilter via Step 1 above:
In case you cannot find the virus files and objects in your Applications or other places we have shown above, you can manually look for them in the Libraries of your Mac. But before doing this, please read the disclaimer below:
You can repeat the same procedure with the following other Library directories:
→ ~/Library/LaunchAgents
/Library/LaunchDaemons
Tip: ~ is there on purpose, because it leads to more LaunchAgents.
Step 2: Scan for and remove VPNFilter files from your Mac
When you are facing problems on your Mac as a result of unwanted scripts and programs such as VPNFilter, the recommended way of eliminating the threat is by using an anti-malware program. SpyHunter for Mac offers advanced security features along with other modules that will improve your Mac’s security and protect it in the future.
Windows Mac OS X Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Safari Internet Explorer
Remove VPNFilter from Google Chrome.
Step 1: Start Google Chrome and open the drop menu
Step 2: Move the cursor over "Tools" and then from the extended menu choose "Extensions"
Step 3: From the opened "Extensions" menu locate the unwanted extension and click on its "Remove" button.
Step 4: After the extension is removed, restart Google Chrome by closing it from the red "X" button at the top right corner and start it again.
Windows Mac OS X Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Safari Internet Explorer
Erase VPNFilter from Mozilla Firefox.
Step 1: Start Mozilla Firefox. Open the menu window
Step 2: Select the "Add-ons" icon from the menu.
Step 3: Select the unwanted extension and click "Remove"
Step 4: After the extension is removed, restart Mozilla Firefox by closing it from the red "X" button at the top right corner and start it again.
Windows Mac OS X Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Safari Internet Explorer
Uninstall VPNFilter from Microsoft Edge.
Step 1: Start Edge browser.
Step 2: Open the drop menu by clicking on the icon at the top right corner.
Step 3: From the drop menu select "Extensions".
Step 4: Choose the suspected malicious extension you want to remove and then click on the gear icon.
Step 5: Remove the malicious extension by scrolling down and then clicking on Uninstall.
Windows Mac OS X Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Safari Internet Explorer
Remove VPNFilter from Safari.
Step 1: Start the Safari app.
Step 2: After hovering your mouse cursor to the top of the screen, click on the Safari text to open its drop down menu.
Step 3: From the menu, click on "Preferences".
Step 4: After that, select the 'Extensions' Tab.
Step 5: Click once on the extension you want to remove.
Step 6: Click 'Uninstall'.
A pop-up window will appear asking for confirmation to uninstall the extension. Select 'Uninstall' again, and the VPNFilter will be removed.
Windows Mac OS X Google Chrome Mozilla Firefox Microsoft Edge Safari Internet Explorer
Eliminate VPNFilter from Internet Explorer.
Step 1: Start Internet Explorer.
Step 2: Click on the gear icon labeled 'Tools' to open the drop menu and select 'Manage Add-ons'
Step 3: In the 'Manage Add-ons' window.
Step 4: Select the extension you want to remove and then click 'Disable'. A pop-up window will appear to inform you that you are about to disable the selected extension, and some more add-ons might be disabled as well. Leave all the boxes checked, and click 'Disable'.
Step 5: After the unwanted extension has been removed, restart Internet Explorer by closing it from the red 'X' button located at the top right corner and start it again.
If I wanted to see if my network is affected could I run a Wireshark capture on my gateway and just look for the stage two public ip’s?